Asian
Journal of Healthy and Science
p-ISSN:
2980-4302
e-ISSN:
2980-4310
Vol.
2 No. 2 February 2023
PREVALENCE OF HEALTH DISORDERS AND RISK FACTORS FOR
MUSCULOSKELETAL COMPLAINTS IN PORT OPERATIONAL TRUCK DRIVERS
Moch. Sahri1,
Muslikha Nourma Romadhoni2,
Dwi Handayani3, Efi Sriwahyuni4, Yeni Dwi Puspitasari5, Tedi
Herdianto6
Occupational Safety and Health Study Program, Faculty
of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul
Ulama Surabaya1,2,5
Occupational Safety and Health Study Program, Faculty
of Health, Universitas Nahdlatul
Ulama Surabaya3
Surabaya Center for Environmental Health Engineering
and Disease Control, Directorate General of Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry
of Health of the Republic of Indonesia4
Universitas Catur nsan Cendekia,
Indonesia6
Email: sahrimoses@unusa.ac.id, tedi.herdianto07@gmail.com
Abstract
Trucks are one of the means of transportation used for
the purpose of distributing goods which is quite effective. In addition to
providing convenience in transportation, the use of trucks has a health impact
on the driver. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of
health complaints and risk factors that can cause health problems in truck
driver workers. This research is an observational study with a cross sectional
approach. The research respondents were port operational truss drivers totaling
38 people. Data collection was carried out using the Guidelines and
Questionnaires for Whole-Body Vibration Health Surveillance questionnaire. The
results of the study show that most workers are less than 40 years old. Working
time is at most less than 10 years. Some workers are obese and overweight.
Complaints that are felt include back pain, neck pain and shoulder pain and
complaints on the hips / thighs / buttocks. Health problems experienced are
visual disturbances, circulatory disorders, kidney and
digestive disorders. Lifestyles that can affect health include smoking habits,
drinking habits and workers who have exercise habits. The posture of the worker
while driving includes reclining the chair, bending position and bending
position. Environmental conditions that can affect the level of vibration
exposure include road conditions, vehicle suspension, vehicle age, driver
behavior, speed, driving time, years of service and other conditions. Truck
drivers experience health complaints including back pain, neck pain and
shoulder pain and complaints on their hips/thighs/buttocks. Health problems
experienced by workers include visual impairment, circulatory disorders, kidney
disorders and digestive disorders. There needs to be further health checks for truck
drivers to ensure their health status.
Keywords: Prevalence,
Complaints, Health, Drivers, Trucks.
INTRODUCTION
The transportation industry is a
service industry that is very important in the provision of transportation
services for the mobilization of people and the distribution of goods. Various
kinds of facilities in transportation activities are offered by many
transportation service companies both by land, sea and air. The government has
developed transportation facilities by building and renovating terminals,
stations, ports and airports to increase public convenience and speed up the
distribution of goods both nationally and internationally. Indonesia's
development agenda becomes the world's maritime axis, making port services have
a very important role in supporting this agenda.
PT. Pelindo
3 is a company engaged in the operation and operation of port services. One of
its services is the provision of loading and unloading services for containers,
liquid bulk, dry bulk, general cargo, and vehicles. To support these services,
the company has various types of fleets for transporting and lifting goods. One
type of fleet at the port for the transportation of goods is a truck.
Trucks are one type of
transportation tool that is often used for the purposes of distributing goods
in companies that are quite easy to use and can be said to be an effective
means of transportation. In addition to providing convenience in transporting
goods, the use of trucking equipment also has a health impact on the driver.
Truck drivers face various kinds of health risks, one of which is exposure to
mechanical vibrations that are transmitted throughout the driver's body (whole
body vibration) through the seats and floor of the steering cabin.
Exposure to repeated vibrations in the
long term can cause low back pain disorders (Hakim, 2011);
(Basri & Griffin, 2013);
(Kim et al., 2016);
(By Fei Lu, Yutaka Ishikawa, 2010),
cardiovascular disorders (Orelaja et al., 2019),
indigestion (Johanning, 2011),
dizziness, visual disturbances (Hazarin, 2000);
(Ishitake et al., 1998)
and epidemiological studies suggest that WBV may increase the risk of developing
prostate cancer (Krajnak, 2018).
Relatively brief exposure to full-body vibration has also been shown to
increase serum levels of testosterone and growth hormone. The combined effect
on the neuromuscular system and the endocrine system demonstrates its
effectiveness as a therapeutic approach for sarcopenia and possibly
osteoporosis (Cardinale & Pope, 2003).
Data regarding workers' conditions based on health
status and risk factors that cause problems with health status are still very
much needed by companies in making policies related to workers' health. This
activity is carried out to find out an initial portrait of the condition of
workers which can be used as material for prevention and control measures
against the findings obtained.
RESEARCH METHODS
This research is an observational
study with a cross-sectional approach, namely observing both exposure and
outcome at the same time. The research respondents were truck drivers, totaling
38 people. Data collection was carried out using the Guidelines and Questionnaires
for Whole-Body Vibration Health Surveillance questionnaire (Pope et al., 2002). The variables observed in this
study were age, gender, education level, years of service, nutritional status,
health disorders and complaints experienced by workers. Data analysis was
carried out descriptively by comparing the research results obtained in the
field with the theory and or program guidelines. The results of data analysis
are presented in the form of tables, graphs and narratives.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of this study obtained 38 respondents with the sex of all
men. The worker characteristics, health status and risk factors are as follows:
A. Distribution
of worker characteristics
Table 1. Characteristic distribution of port
operational truck drivers in 2021
|
No |
Variabel |
Jumlah (n) |
Persentase (%) |
|
1 |
Umur |
|
|
|
24-40 tahun |
27 |
71,1 |
|
|
41-50 tahun |
10 |
26,3 |
|
|
>50 tahun |
1 |
2,6 |
|
|
2 |
Tingkat Pendidikan |
|
|
|
SMP |
6 |
15,8 |
|
|
SMA |
31 |
81,6 |
|
|
Perguruan tinggi |
1 |
2,6 |
|
|
3 |
Masa Kerja |
|
|
|
s/d 5 tahun |
13 |
34,2 |
|
|
6-10 tahun |
18 |
47,4 |
|
|
11-20 tahun |
5 |
13,1 |
|
|
21-30 tahun |
2 |
5,3 |
Characteristics of most
workers aged less than 40 years as many as 27 people (71.1%) with an age range
of 24-54 years. The highest level of education is high school with 31 people
(81.6%). The longest working period was less than 10 years, with a total of 31
people (81.6%) with a range of <1 to 30 years.
B. Distribution
of Workers' Health Status
1. Nutritional Status
Diagram 1. Distribution of the health status of port
operational workers in 2021
The nutritional status of workers including 9
people (24%) are obese, 5 people (13%) are overweight.
2. Complaints experienced
Diagram 2. Distribution of Health complaints
experienced by Port operational truck drivers in 2021
The most common complaints felt by workers
were back pain for 18 people, followed by neck pain and shoulder pain for each
15 people and complaints on hips/thighs/buttocks by 14 people.
3. Health problems
Diagram 3. Distribution of health problems experienced
by Port operational truck drivers in 2021
Health problems experienced by workers
included visual impairments of 6 people, circulatory disorders of 4 people and
kidney disorders and digestive disorders of 3 people each.
C. Distribution
of Risk Factors
1. Lifestyle of workers
Diagram 4. Health lifestyle distribution experienced by
Port operational truck drivers in 2021
Lifestyles that affect health include smoking
habits owned by 23 workers, drinking alcohol habits by 8 workers and workers
who have exercise habits by 26 people.
2. Posture while driving
Diagram 5.
Distribution of posture while driving for port operational truck drivers in
2021
The posture of the workers
while driving included 35 people leaning back in the chair, 23 people with a
bent position and 15 people in a bent position.
3. Work environment
Table 2. Conditions of the truck driver's work
environment
|
No |
Variabel |
Jumlah (n) |
Persentase (%) |
|
1 |
Kondisi Jalan |
|
|
|
Jalan baik |
28 |
73,7 |
|
|
Jalan rusak |
10 |
26,3 |
|
|
2 |
Suspensi kendaraan |
|
|
|
Suspensi mekanik |
30 |
78,9 |
|
|
Suspensi udara |
6 |
15,8 |
|
|
Suspensi
hidrolik |
2 |
5,3 |
|
|
3 |
Usia kendaraan |
|
|
|
3-5 tahun |
3 |
7,9 |
|
|
6-10 tahun |
18 |
47,4 |
|
|
>10 tahun |
17 |
44,7 |
Working environment conditions, especially
damaged roads, were experienced by 10 workers. The vehicle suspension used the
most is the mechanical suspension used by 30 workers. The age of the vehicle
used the most is above 5 years with details of vehicle age 6-10 years used by
18 workers and more than 10 years used by 17 workers.
4. Work behavior
Table 3. Distribution of worker behavior while
driving
|
No |
Variabel |
Jumlah (n) |
Persentase (%) |
|
1 |
Pemakaian safety belt |
|
|
|
Ya |
34 |
89,5 |
|
|
Tidak |
4 |
10,5 |
|
|
2 |
Kecepatan berkendara |
|
|
|
< 20 km/jam |
7 |
18,4 |
|
|
>20-30 km/jam |
10 |
26,4 |
|
|
>30-40 km/jam |
14 |
36,8 |
|
|
> 40 km/jam |
7 |
18,4 |
As many as 34 workers have used safety belts.
The driving speed of workers is 14 people with speeds > 30-40 km/hour, 10
people with speeds > 20-30 km/hour and 7 people each with speeds < 20
km/hour and > 40 km/hour.
5. Exposure at work
Table 4. Vibration exposure conditions at work
|
No |
Variabel |
Jumlah (n) |
Persentase (%) |
|
1 |
Lama bekerja |
|
|
|
8 jam |
2 |
5,3 |
|
|
> 8 jam |
36 |
94,7 |
|
|
2 |
Jarak tempat tinggal ke tempat kerja |
|
|
|
<10 km |
18 |
47,4 |
|
|
10-20 km |
15 |
39,5 |
|
|
>20km |
5 |
13,1 |
|
|
3 |
Terganggu getaran |
|
|
|
Ya |
27 |
71,1 |
|
|
Tidak |
11 |
28,9 |
|
|
4 |
Terhentak dikursi |
|
|
|
Tidak pernah |
14 |
36,8 |
|
|
Kurang dari 5 kali sehari |
12 |
31,7 |
|
|
Lebih dari 5 kali dalam satu jam, tapi kurang dari 5 kali dalam satu
menit |
4 |
10,5 |
|
|
Lebih dari 5 kali tapi kurang dari 5 kali dalam satu jam |
7 |
18,4 |
|
|
Lebih dari 5 kali tapi kurang dari 5 kali dalam satu jam, Lebih dari 5
kali dalam satu jam, tapi kurang dari 5 kali dalam satu menit |
1 |
2,6 |
Working hours of workers exceeding 8 hours a
day were found in 36 workers. distance of residence of
more than 20 km was found in 5 workers, distance of 10-20 km was found in 15
workers and 18 workers had a distance of residence and place of work of less
than 10 km.
Vibration exposure to the point that workers
feel disturbed was found in 27 workers while 11 workers were not disturbed by
vibration. A total of 24 workers were knocked on chairs with details of 12
people being knocked down less than 5 times a day, 7 workers were knocked over
more than 5 times but less than 5 times an hour, 4 workers were knocked over
more than 5 times in an hour, but less than 5 times in one minute, one worker
More than 5 times but less than 5 times in one hour, More than 5 times in one
hour, but less than 5 times in one minute.
6. Type of work
Table 5. Other types of work performed by respondents
besides driving trucks
|
No |
Variabel |
Jumlah (n) |
Persentase (%) |
|
1 |
Mengangkat beban |
|
|
|
Ya |
1 |
2,6 |
|
|
Tidak |
37 |
97,4 |
|
|
2 |
Menarik beban |
|
|
|
Ya |
11 |
28,9 |
|
|
Tidak |
27 |
71,1 |
This type of work pulling loads was found in
11 workers while only one worker did the work lifting weights.
D. Discussion
Heavy equipment vehicles such as trucks
generate vibrations which are then transmitted to the driver through the seats
and footrests. The results showed that drivers who get exposure to whole body
vibrations from industrial vehicle activities such as trucks, fork-lifts,
tractors, etc. can cause low back pain, sciatica pain, and lumbar disc
herniation (Pope et al., 2002). Research conducted by (Hakim, 2011) in Sidoarjo also
shows that truck drivers are at risk of developing low back pain. The results
of this study indicate that the most common complaints experienced by drivers
are back pain for 18 people (47.4%), neck pain and shoulder pain for each 15
people (39.5%) and complaints on hips/thighs/buttocks 14 people (36.8%). The
longer the working time, the more vibration exposure they receive. The majority
of workers (94.7%) work more than 8 hours a day, (63.2%) workers have been
kicked in a chair and (71.1%) workers feel disturbed due to vibration.
Improper sitting posture while driving can
cause musculoskeletal disorders. There is a significant relationship between
sitting posture and complaints of pain in the lower back (Chyntia Angkouw, Paul A. T. Kawatu,
2019). Adult nutritional status is an assessment of the nutritional status of
the population over 18 years as assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI). The
nutritional status indicators used for this age group are based on
anthropometric measurements of body weight (BB) and height (TB) presented in
the form of Body Mass Index (BMI). The prevalence of nutritional status based
on the BMI category in the adult population (age > 18 years) based on the
2018 Riskesdas data is 21.8% nationally, while in
East Java it is 22.4% (Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 2019). The results of research at PT Pelindo 3 obtained a proportion value of 24% for cases of
obesity. Based on the results of the study (Naufal et al., 2021) it was stated that there was a significant
relationship between lower back pain and body mass index (BMI) in goods truck
drivers.
CONCLUSION
The most common complaints felt by workers
are back pain, neck pain and shoulder pain and complaints on the
hips/thighs/buttocks. Health problems experienced by workers include visual
impairment, circulatory disorders, kidney disorders and disorders. Risk factors
that can affect a driver's health include smoking habits, working posture while
driving, road conditions, vehicle suspension, vehicle age, driving behavior,
length of working hours and the level of vibration caused by the vehicle. There
needs to be further health checks for truck drivers to ensure their health
status.
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Copyright holders:
Moch. Sahri, Muslikha Nourma Romadhoni, Dwi Handayani, Efi Sriwahyuni, Yeni Dwi Puspitasari,
Tedi Herdianto (2023)
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AJHS
- Asian Journal of Healthy and Science
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