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Asian Journal of Health and Science

p-ISSN: 2980-4302

e-ISSN: 2980-4310

Vol. 4 No. 1 January, 2025

Psychological Impact of Smartphone Use on Nomophobia Among Teenagers

Mahsun Arifandy1*, Rizal Cahya Ningrat2

Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Indonesia

Emails: mahsunarifandy45@gmail.com1, rizalcahya97@yahoo.com2

Abstract

Nomophobia has become an important mental health issue in the digital age. Excessive

smartphone use can increase psychological dependence, known as nomophobia, which is the

excessive fear or anxiety when one does not have access to their device. This research aims to

analyze the psychological impact of smartphone use on nomophobia among adolescents aged 10

to 22 years. The method used was a systematic review of 10 selected journals that discussed the

effects of reducing the duration of smartphone use on the level of nomophobia. The results

showed that adolescents who used their cell phones for 1-5 hours per day had lower levels of

nomophobia, cell phone addiction and loneliness compared to those who used their cell phones

for 6-10 hours or more than 11 hours per day. This research provides important implications in

designing strategies to reduce cell phone usage time to improve adolescents' mental well-being

and recommends further research into the effectiveness of specific interventions.

Keywords: Smartphone Usage Duration, Nomophobia, Adolescents.

INTRODUCTION

In today's digital age, smartphones have become an integral part of everyday life,

allowing constant access to communication, entertainment, and information. However,

over-reliance on these devices has given rise to the phenomenon of nomophobia (no

mobile phone phobia), which is the excessive anxiety that arises when one is unable to

access their phone. Nomophobia has emerged as a significant mental health issue,

affecting the psychological well-being of many individuals. Recent studies have shown a

strong correlation between the duration of smartphone use and levels of nomophobia,

impacting stress, anxiety, and overall quality of life (Sharma et al., 2015).

Gawai is an object that is always carried by the people around us, from adults to

teenagers, who all use gadgets; it is not even difficult to find children at the age of five or

under the age of five who are already using gadgets. Gawai is a term in Indonesian that

refers to an electronic tool or device that is used for a specific purpose. In a modern

context, gawai often refers to electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops,

and various other devices that have digital or electronic functions (Manumpil et al.,

2015). Smartphones can facilitate access to all matters, such as business, up-to-date

news, campaigns, playing online games, learning online, and even shopping for daily

necessities can be accessed through smartphones. Many people in Adolescence to

adulthood love social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and the like,

and this is what makes smartphone use significant in everyday life (Timbowo, 2016).

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As the features and functions of smartphones become more sophisticated, there are

various negative effects. One significant effect is nomophobia, which is the excessive fear

or anxiety when unable to access a smartphone. In addition, the constant use of

smartphones can also cause health problems such as eyestrain, which arises from

prolonged exposure to the screen and is often exacerbated by non-ideal posture and

inadequate lighting (Saputra & Inayah, 2021). Smartphones owned by students are only

used for entertainment purposes, such as social media and games, not for learning

support. This has an impact on the low achievement of student learning outcomes

(Handoyono & Mahmud, 2020). The number of smartphone users in Indonesia has

reached 130 million people, where the penetration rate is 48%. Indonesia is the third

country with the highest number of smartphone users in the Asia-Pacific region (Ashoer

et al., 2019).

Nomophobia stands for "no-mobile-phone phobia," the term is used to describe

excessive fear or anxiety when an individual does not have access to their mobile device,

such as a smartphone (Kılınç et al., 2022). The concept of nomophobia refers to an

individual's fear that they will not be able to access and communicate with a smartphone

(Sari et al., 2020). Fahira (2021) defines nomophobia as a type of contemporary phobia

that is a product of the interaction between humans and current technology. Nomophobia

is a condition of smartphone dependence characterized by a variety of complex

symptoms, including interrelated social, physiological, and physical dimensions

(Hasmawati et al., 2020). Symptoms of nomophobia can vary, but some of the most

common include Feeling anxious or stressed when the phone is not available,

Experiencing intense panic attacks or fear when unable to use the phone, Constantly

checking the phone for messages or notifications, and Feeling separated from others if

unable to access social media (Godart, 2020).

Several factors trigger the development of nomophobia, such as low self-esteem,

difficulty in regulating emotions, and lack of self-control. In addition to the negative

impact of nomophobia, emotional exhaustion at work, poor sleep quality, and low

academic performance (Wen et al., 2023).

Based on the explanation above, several studies have presented the symptoms of

nomophobia and then described the things that trigger it. Therefore, this systemic review

aims to find out the psychological impact of smartphone use on nomophobia among

adolescents. This systemic review research is expected to provide information about

nomophobia, the techniques or methods used, and the suitability of its use with the age

range of human development. This research can also be used as a basis for further

research.

RESEARCH METHOD

The process of conducting a systematic review consists of several key stages. The

first stage is review planning, which involves identifying the expected benefits and

developing a protocol to direct the review (Petticrew & Roberts, 2006). The next stage is

the conduct of the review, which includes the search for relevant literature, selection of

suitable articles, quality assessment of the selected studies, and extraction and synthesis

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of data from the articles. The process concludes with the reporting stage, where the

results of the systematic review are compiled and presented thoroughly (Green, 2017).

The planning of the review began by posing a systemic review question with the

PICOS formulation (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Research Design).

The research question in this systemic review is, What is the effect of reducing the

duration of smartphone use on the level of nomophobia in adolescents aged 10 to 22

years? The authors then defined the search terms and designed an appropriate search

protocol. The author then created a comprehensive search list based on the retrieved

terms. The words used for the search included nomophobia, smartphone usage,

Adolescence, screen time, and duration. These words were used as keywords in search

databases such as Google Scholar and Scopus. In the next stage, all journals were

downloaded and checked for duplication using Rayyan. After checking the duplication,

the author filtered by looking at the title and abstract. Journals that pass with the

appropriate title and abstract will be checked again as a whole. After selecting 200

journals, only 10 journals discussed the effect of the duration of smartphone use on the

level of nomophobia in early adulthood. The limitations in this systemic review are (1)

journals involving adolescents, (2) original studies published in English, and (3) the

effect of reducing smartphone duration. (5) the studies were conducted within the last 5

years, from 2020 to 2024. Journals that fit the criteria will be included in the discussion.

Journals that did not fit the criteria included Studies that do not involve the duration of

smartphone use reduction or do not involve nomophobia.

Figure 1. PRISMA graphic for journal selection flow

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Smartphone use has become an integral part of everyday life, especially among

teenagers. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood. During this

phase, various changes occur, such as hormonal, physical, psychological, and social

changes. These shifts happen quickly and sometimes without us realizing it (Suryana et

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al., 2022). Santrock (2010) divides the development of Adolescence into three stages. The

first stage is early Adolescence, which is around 10-14 years old. In this stage, adolescents

experience significant physical and hormonal changes. They begin to search for self-

identity and engage more actively in social relationships with peers. Middle Adolescence

is around 15-17 years of age. In this phase, adolescents engage in deeper identity

exploration. They strengthen bonds with peers and begin to face greater social pressures

and academic challenges. Late Adolescence is around 18-22 years of age. At this stage,

adolescents are usually more focused on planning for the future, including higher

education and careers. They also show higher levels of maturity in interpersonal

relationships and decision-making.

This age group generally shows high engagement with technology and social

media, making them a vulnerable population to the phenomenon of nomophobia (no-

mobile-phone-phobia). This talk will discuss the effects of reducing smartphone time on

nomophobia in the adolescent developmental age. Nomophobia, or the excessive fear of

losing access to mobile phones, is becoming an increasingly important issue among

adolescents. With the increasing reliance on smartphones, reducing smartphone time can

have a significant impact on adolescents' mental and social health. Nomophobia can be

characterized by feelings of discomfort and even anxiety when away from smartphones.

Nomophobia is also classified as a situational phobia (Nursalim et al., 2020).

How does reducing the duration of smartphone use affect nomophobia? The

effects of reducing the duration of smartphone use on nomophobia include: 1. Improved

Sleep Quality; one of the positive effects of reducing smartphone usage time is improved

sleep quality. Research shows that cell phone use before bed can disrupt sleep patterns,

cause insomnia, and reduce quality sleep time (Hale & Guan, 2015). 2. Reducing Anxiety

and Stress: Reducing screen time can help reduce anxiety and stress levels among teens.

Dependence on social media can increase social communication and insecurity, which

contribute to mental health issues (Valkenburg et al., 2022). 3. Increased In-Person Social

Interaction: Reduced smartphone use may encourage teens to interact more in person

with friends and family. This can strengthen interpersonal relationships and improve

social skills (Anguyo et al., 2023). 4. Increased Focus and Productivity: By reducing

distractions caused by smartphones, teens can focus more on their studies and other

productive activities. Research shows that reduced screen time can help improve

concentration and academic outcomes (Sarumaha, 2024).

Table 1. Previous Research

No.

Researcher

Title

Subject

Research

Mechanism

Results

Scientific et

al., 2021

An Overview Of

Self-Control In

Adolescents

with

Nomophobia

(No Mobile

Phone Phobia)

15 adolescent

participants

with

nomophobia.

18-22 years

old

Qualitative design

with

phenomenological

descriptive

method.

Adolescents who

experience

nomophobia have

poor self-control

in using

smartphones as

needed, as well as

difficulty in

regulating their

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No.

Researcher

Title

Subject

Research

Mechanism

Results

emotional

responses and

behavior when

not near a

smartphone.

Nomophobia

impacts various

aspects of

adolescents' lives

related to physical

and mental health,

daily activities

and rest patterns,

school/college

performance,

social

interactions, and

financial matters.

Benjamin

et al., 2024

Role Of

Nomophobia

And

Smartphone

Addiction On

Loneliness

Among

University

Students

participants

aged 16-29,

who were

university

students in

Punjab.

This research

used a cross-

sectional research

design.

There was a

positive

relationship

between the

duration of cell

phone use and

levels of

nomophobia,

smartphone

addiction, and

loneliness.

Participants who

spent 1-5 hours

on their phones

reported lower

levels of

nomophobia,

smartphone

addiction, and

loneliness

compared to

those who spent

6-10 hours or

more than 11

hours.

Coyne &

Woodruff,

2023

Taking a Break:

The Effects of

Participating in

a Two-Week

Social Media

Digital Detox on

Problematic

Smartphone

participants

who

successfully

participated

in the social

media detox

program

Research using a

mixed design was

employed, where

quantitative and

qualitative data

were collected

and integrated to

combine the

Significantly

limiting social

media time for

two weeks can

help reduce

addiction and

improve health.

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No.

Researcher

Title

Subject

Research

Mechanism

Results

and Social

Media Use, and

Other Health-

Outcomes

among Young

Adults

were around

21 years old

strengths of both

techniques.

Kaviani et

al., 2020

Nomophobia: Is

the Fear of

Being without a

Smartphone

Associated with

Problematic

Use? Fareed

smartphone

users over the

age of 18.

This research

used an online

survey to collect

data from

participants.

Nomophobia is

associated with

problematic

mobile phone

usage behavior.

Al-Mamun

et al., 2023

Nomophobia

among

university

students:

Prevalence,

correlates, and

the mediating

role of

smartphone use

between

Facebook

addiction and

nomophobia

The research

involved 585

university

students with

an average

age of 18-25

years old.

This research

used a cross-

sectional survey

research.

Positive

relationships

were found

between

nomophobia and

smartphone

addiction,

addiction to social

media such as

Facebook, sleep

disorders, and

depression.

Daraj et al.,

2023

Systematic

Review and

Meta-Analysis

of the

Correlation

Coefficients

between

Nomophobia

and Anxiety,

Smartphone

Addiction, and

Insomnia

Symptoms

One thousand

five hundred

twenty-three

studies were

identified

from various

populations,

including

university

students and

the general

public, who

were over 12

years old.

The following

meta-analyses

and systematic

reviews follow the

Preferred

Reporting Items

for Systematic

Reviews and

Meta-Analyses

standard.

There is a positive

relationship

between

nomophobia

symptoms and

anxiety; There is a

positive

relationship

between

nomophobia

symptoms and

sleep disorders or

insomnia,

Nursalim et

al., 2020

The

Effectiveness of

a Systematic

Desensitization

Strategy on

Reduction of

Nomophobia

adolescent to

young adult

age group,

which is in the

age range of

12 to 30 years

old

the research

method used is

the experimental

method

the application of

systematic

desensitization

strategies is

effective in

reducing the level

of nomophobia in

students at SMK 1

Driyorejo.

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No.

Researcher

Title

Subject

Research

Mechanism

Results

Rodríguez-

García et al.,

2020

Nomophobia:

An Individual

Growing Fear Of

Being Without A

Smartphone

adolescents

aged12-18

years and

university

students

The research was

analyzed using

quantitative

methods with a

non-experimental

and cross-

sectional design.

The high

dependence on

cell phones makes

the population,

especially

teenagers, more

susceptible to the

risk of

nomophobia.

ÇAKMAK et

al., 2022

The

Relationship

between

Nomophobia

and Depression,

Anxiety and

Stress Levels of

University

Students

College

students with

an age range

of 18-25

years

This research uses

quantitative

methods with a

relational design

There is a positive

relationship

between levels of

nomophobia and

levels of

depression,

anxiety, and

stress.

10.

Ramos-

Soler et al.,

2021

Nomophobia in

teenagers:

Digital lifestyle,

social

networking, and

smartphone

abuse

adolescents

aged 12 to 16,

with a sample

of 850

students from

secondary

schools in

Spain.

A structured

questionnaire

consisting of 24

items was used to

measure the level

of nomophobia

and digital

consumption

habits.

Women tend to

have a higher risk

of nomophobia

than men.

There is a

relationship

between

academic

performance and

nomophobia risk

level. Mild risk

nomophobia is

characterized by

excellent

academic

performance,

while severe risk

nomophobia is

characterized by

very low

academic

performance.

There is an

association

between intensive

social media use

and the level of

nomophobia risk.

Intensive use of

WhatsApp,

Instagram,

TikTok, and

Snapchat was

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No.

Researcher

Title

Subject

Research

Mechanism

Results

associated with a

higher risk of

nomophobia.

Table 1 shows the results of this systematic review found that nomophobia is

associated with problematic mobile phone use behavior (Kaviani et al., 2020).

Nomophobia can be characterized by feelings of discomfort and even anxiety when away

from smartphones (Nursalim et al., 2020). Adolescents who experience nomophobia

have poor self-control in using smartphones as needed, as well as difficulty in regulating

their emotional responses and behavior when not near a smartphone (Scientific et al.,

2021). Women tend to have a higher risk of nomophobia than men (Ramos-Soler et al.,

2021).

Adolescents who spent 1-5 hours on their cell phones reported lower levels of

nomophobia, smartphone addiction, and loneliness compared to those who spent 6-10

hours or more than 11 hours (Benjamin et al., 2024). There is a relationship between the

level of nomophobia and behavioral patterns such as checking the smartphone

immediately after waking up, checking the smartphone more often a day, length of

smartphone use a day, and length of internet use via smartphone (ÇAKMAK et al., 2022).

A positive relationship was found between nomophobia and smartphone addiction,

addiction to social media such as Facebook, sleep disorders, and depression (Al-Mamun

et al., 2023) (Daraj et al., 2023).

Reducing smartphone dependence has the potential to improve concentration and

learning outcomes among students, increase in-person social interactions, reduce

isolation, and improve the quality of relationships between individuals (Rodríguez-

García et al., 2020). experienced improvements in several aspects of perceived well-

being, including life satisfaction, stress, perceived well-being, and supportive social

relationships (Coyne & Woodruff, 2023).

Systematic desensitization counseling techniques can be used to minimize anxiety

levels due to nomophobia (Nursalim et al., 2020). Reduction of time using smartphones

against nomophobia in adolescent developmental age is like: Setting Screen Time:

Limiting the duration of smartphone use by setting a clear daily screen time can help

reduce dependence and symptoms of nomophobia. Encouraging Non-Digital Activities:

Developing habits that do not involve technology, such as reading a book, exercising, or

participating in social activities, can help reduce dependence on mobile phones. Digital

Detox: Conducting periodic digital detoxes, such as setting cell phone-free days, can help

reduce cell phone-related anxiety and improve mental well-being (Nawaz, 2023).

CONCLUSION

The conclusion of this research shows that reducing the duration of smartphone use

in adolescents has positive impacts, including improved sleep, reduced anxiety, increased

in-person social interactions, and focus and productivity. Longer duration of smartphone

use was shown to correlate with higher levels of nomophobia, affecting mental and social

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health. Strategic approaches such as daily screen time regulation, non-digital activities

and digital detox may help reduce smartphone dependence and nomophobia symptoms.

Implications of this research include the importance of mental health programs for

adolescents, educational policies that support restrictions on smartphone use, and

community awareness campaigns regarding the negative impact of technology. Further

research is recommended to explore effective intervention methods and expand

population coverage to understand the socio-cultural factors that influence nomophobia.

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Mahsun Arifandy, Rizal Cahya Ningrat (2025)

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