p-ISSN: 2980-4302
e-ISSN: 2980-4310
Vol.
2 No. 9 September 2023
ANALYSIS OF AVAILABILITY AND CONDITION OF BASIC
SANITATION FACILITIES IN HATO-LULI HAMLET
Rogerio Fontes,
Santiago Jorge Pereira, Levi Anatoli S. M. Exposto,
Elias Pereira Moniz, Leonardo Ximenes, Noelio Auxilio Pedro Martins
Universidade da Paz, Dili, Timor-Leste
Email: [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Sanitation is
an effort to monitor several factors of the physical environment so as to
prevent the emergence of diseases that affect humans, especially on things that
have detrimental effects on physical development, health and human survival.
Some environmental health requirements that every family must have to meet
their daily needs are known as basic sanitation which includes the provision of
clean water, family latrine facilities, garbage disposal facilities, and
wastewater disposal facilities. Therefore, the availability and condition of
these facilities need to be considered. Analysis of the availability and
condition of basic sanitation facilities in Hato-Luli
Hamlet, Maubisse Kota Village, Maubisse
District, Ainaro Regency, Timor-Leste. The results
showed that the source of drinking water contained in Hato-Luli Hamlet
consisted of 72.2% piped water, 20.8% well water, and 6.9% from other sources
of river / gutter water. The condition of the latrine, which uses 66.67% water,
does not use 29.17% water and other types 4.17%. Judging from the cleanliness
condition of clean latrines 33.3%, less clean 63.9%, dirty 2.8%. Which has a
trash can 56%, owns and does not use 41%, does not own 67.4%. The data shows
that the percentage of not having landfills is still high at 67.4%. Environmental sanitation conditions in Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse Kota
Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro
Regency are
said to be not good, judging from the indicators of latrine conditions,
wastewater sewerage conditions, garbage dump conditions, and healthy house
conditions have not met health requirements because there are still people who
do not know the importance of maintaining environmental sanitation.
Keywords: Availability, Facilities, Sanitation
INTRODUCTION
Sanitation facilities are
all facilities that support environmental sanitation. Facilities and
infrastructure that are of concern related to environmental health aspects
include the provision of clean water, the state of wastewater sewerage, the
condition of latrines, and the condition of higine
office space (Fatmawati & Munajat, 2018). This study was conducted by collecting data using questionnaires and
observations of basic sanitation facilities used by the community. Where the
data that has been collected will be analyzed and can explain about how the
condition of the basic sanitation facilities. From a previous study, it is
known that there is a significant relationship between basic environmental
sanitation and the incidence of diarrheal diseases (p < 0.05), it can be
seen from the existence and condition of facilities such as clean water supply,
garbage dumps, and inadequate toilets (Douterelo et al., 2019). Based on the results of the study, the author conducted an analysis
of basic community sanitation facilities through household settings through
observation. Hato-Luli Hamlet is located in the northern part of Maubisse Vila District which is in the Ainaro
regency area with 72 heads of families and each family head or one family
member who was a respondent in this study. This study aims to determine the
availability and condition of basic sanitation (clean water supply, landfills
and toilets) in the community in Hato-Luli hamlet, Maubisse Vila village, Maubisse
district, Ainaro regency.
Global data shows that Ten
thousand people in developing countries have health problems that cause death
from poor sanitation.1 Diarrhea is experienced by almost everyone due to poor
sanitation. Diarrhea is an infectious disease with a frequency of defecation
more often or three times per day or more. The form of feces with a semi-liquid
or liquid consistency becomes the main symptom in addition to the number of frequency of defecation. Based on its duration, diarrhea can
be divided into three, namely acute with less than 14 days, persistent 14 to 29
days, and chronic with 30 days or more (Birawida, 2020).
Data-driven United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and World
Health Organization (WHO) in 2013, globally there were two million children
died each year due to diarrhea. Diarrheal disease is still a health problem in
the world, including in developing countries such as Timor-Leste. The
importance of a healthy environment has been proven by WHO with investigations
around the world where it was found that high mortality, morbidity rates are
just as often endemic in places where environmental hygiene and sanitation are
poor. Environmental sanitation is also closely related to the availability of
clean water, the availability of latrines. Increasing efforts on the
availability of basic sanitation are important things to pay attention to in order
to know and control environmental conditions in preventing and minimizing the
effects of pollution on the environment. Poor basic sanitation will cause
problems found ranging from sanitation in the house, the use of clean water
(shallow wells), disposal of household waste (latrines) and septic tanks, and
there are still people who make animal drums near their homes (Exposto, 2023). This results in a decrease in the degree of public health (clean
water for daily needs, the smaller the risk of children getting disease.
Environmental sanitation as an important part of improving the
degree of health which in essence environmental sanitation is the optimum
environmental condition or condition so that it positively affects the optimum
health status as well. Environmental sanitation prioritizes prevention of
environmental factors in such a way that the emergence of diseases will be
avoided (Heller et al., 2003). Sanitation efforts can also mean an effort to reduce the number of
disease seeds found in the environment so that the degree of human health is
perfectly maintained. Sanitation is related to environmental health which can
affect the degree of public health. The impact of low levels of sanitation
coverage can reduce the quality of life of the community, polluted drinking
water sources for the community, increased environment-based diseases such as
diarrhea. Diarrhea is a disorder of defecation or defecation characterized by
defecation (defecation) more than 3 times a day with the consistency of liquid
stools, may be accompanied by blood or mucus. Poor environmental sanitation is
an important factor in the occurrence of diarrhea where the interaction between
disease, humans, and environmental factors that cause disease needs to be
considered in the management of diarrhea. The role of environmental factors,
enterobacteria, intestinal parasites, viruses, fungi and some chemicals has
been classically proven in various epidemiological investigations as the cause
of diarrheal diseases (Angeline et al., 2012).
Efforts to maintain the quality of basic sanitation are very
important for public health because sBasic Anitasi is the minimum facilities and infrastructure that
must be owned by every residence. Facilities included in basic sanitation
include clean water supply, wastewater disposal, drainage channels, and waste
management. Poor quality of basic sanitation can cause slums in a settlement. A
minimal sanitation system must be owned by every family as an environmental health
requirement to live daily life including: The availability of clean water is
used to meet water needs, both domestic and non-domestic. Drainage system
refers to the activity of draining water, both surface water and groundwater
from an area or area. A settlement must have a good drainage system in order to
reduce excess water so as not to cause inundation or even flooding that can
interfere with the health and life of its residents. Waste management includes
storage, collection and destruction of waste carried out in such a way that
waste does not interfere with public health and the environment.
RESEARCH METHODS
The study was conducted in March 2023 for two weeks.
By research design Cross sectional in
the community by using questionnaires. Sampling by non probability with sampling
techniques quota Sampling of each
family head or one family member who is considered worthy, which amounted to 72
respondents. Data analysis in this study is by comparing the number of answer
scores with the expected score (highest) then multiplied by 100.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Clean water
Besih water according to (Kepmenkes, No.1405/MENKES/SK/XI/2002) is water used for
daily purposes and its quality meets the requirements of clean water quality in
accordance with applicable laws and regulations and can be drunk when cooked.
In the results of this study, clean water facilities used by the community in
the area are seen from the source which comes from PAM water 72.2%, well water
20.8%, and from other sources river / gutter water 6.9%. Judging from the water
discharge there is always 51%, and the water discharge decreases in the dry
season 48.6%. Judging from the physical condition of the water is odorless and
colored 65.3%, colored / chalky 34.7%. Viewed from the distance to get clean
water < 5 minutes 63.9%, <1 km or < 15 minutes 36.1%. And when
followed from a clean water storage area tightly closed 9.7%, less tightly
closed 16.7% and not covered 73.6%. The data shows the condition of clean water
Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse
Town Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro
Regency is less secure. Where the condition of polluted water there are
several bacteria that cause health problems. One example of health disorders
caused by water contamination is diarrhea, itching, skin infections and others.
Clean water sources in the hamlet use a lot of surface water where currently
the drinking water management installation still uses surface water as its main
water source. In addition to surface water, there are still other sources of
clean water where they are sources of groundwater and rainwater. These water
sources have their own advantages, disadvantages. Groundwater generally
contains a lot of iron and manganese and is not good if used continuously
because it can reduce the soil surface, while rainwater depends on the season,
rainwater can also be used as raw water by making large tanks or reservoirs
where it can hold water on a large scale.
Research by Bambang, S which states
that the biggest influence on the presence of E.coli
is the distance of water sources from pollution sources such as livestock pens,
septic tanks and trash cans. Research also conducted by Irianto
et al., (1996) that polluting sources such as
family latrines, the distance between latrines and septic tanks have the
highest risk to households that do not have family latrine facilities. The
strong relationship between the source of family latrine pollution and
bacteriological quality where feces containing microorganisms / seeds of
disease can be a source of disease that can be transmitted through water media,
either directly or indirectly through food and beverages consumed by hosts or
humans. Research by John, 2004 on the effect of distance on the water quality
of dug wells concluded, that distance affects the bacteriological quality of
water. The closer the distance between the source of pollution and the source
of drinking water, the greater the possibility of contamination. This is due to
the speed with which bacteria reach the water source. The construction of water
sources also has an important role in the bacteriological quality of water.
Polluters can reach water sources if the construction of water sources does not
qualify. Contaminants serve as a carrier of disease and as a breeding ground
for disease seedlings. Deborah
Majerovitz, (2007) explained that construction
improvements, sanitation improvements and access to qualified drinking water
have an impact in reducing the prevalence of Lyautey
et al., (2007), explained further that, the
construction of a good clean water source will protect water contamination by
inhibiting the food supply for bacteria so that bacteria do not develop. Thus with good construction affects the presence of bacteria
that can cause diarrhea. Diseases that can be caused by polluted water include:
cholera, typus abdominalis,
amoeba disentry.
Therefore, to maintain the
availability of clean water we must instill the importance of clean water for life.many ways to maintain the
availability of clean water where these methods are quite easy to do. One form
of activity to maintain the availability of clean water is to encourage the
movement of planting trees, carrying out water-saving movements, forest
preservation, building large reservoirs or water reservoirs, making biopore holes or water catchments, and cultivating not to
dispose of waste both household and industrial (Diansyukma
et al., 2021). There are many other ways to get
clean water through technology such as seawater desalination. Therefore, the
community must maintain environmental sustainability and be frugal to maintain
the availability of clean water in Hato-Luli Hamlet (Burke,
2022).
Toilet
Latrines are one of the sanitation
facilities needed in every house to support the health of its residents as a
human waste disposal facility, consisting of a squat or seating place with a
gooseneck or gooseneck tampa equipped with a dirty
storage unit and water for cleaning (Proverawati
et al., 2022). Based on this study, judging from
the existence / ownership of latrines, among others, private property 55.6%,
public 43.1% and those without latrines 1.4%. Judging from the type of latrine
used which uses 66.67% water, does not use 29.17% water and other tricks 4.17%.
Judging from the cleanliness condition of clean latrines 33.3%, less clean
63.9%, dirty 2.8%. The data shows that the percentage of people who use family
latrines does not meet sanitary requirements is still 63.9%. This condition is
very concerning because fecal discharge needs special attention because it is a
waste material that brings many problems in the health sector and as a medium
for disease seeds, such as: diarrhea, typhus, muntaber,
dysentery, worms and itching. In addition, it can cause environmental pollution
to water sources and foul odors and aesthetics. Later it will be in contact
with humans either through the air, direct contact, or vectors such as insects
and can result in various health problems and it is feared that it will become
a serious disease outbreak in the surrounding community (Amelia
et al., 2021).
There are several determinants that
influence people using latrines that are not sanitary. Based on the results of
research by Wirdawati, Ria Risti,
Komala in 2021, it shows that there is a meaningful
relationship between the economic level and healthy latrine ownership. Low
community income has resulted in people prioritizing the fulfillment of basic
needs, so they have not been able to build family latrines even though there
are some people who understand the importance of family latrines. The results
also showed that there was a meaningful relationship between culture and
healthy latrine ownership. Culture has a great influence on the formation of attitudes,
because culture is a long-standing practice and part of the life of a community
group. The same study found a
significant relationship between attitudes and healthy latrine ownership Low
public knowledge can affect healthy latrine ownership. A healthy latrine must
meet the following requirements: Does not pollute drinking water sources, does
not smell feces and is not freely touched by insects or rats, urine, clean
water and flushing water does not pollute the surrounding land by it the floor is
at least 1 x 1 meter and is made quite sloping, tilted towards the squat hole,
easy to clean and safe to use, equipped
with walls and covers, enough lighting and air circulation, sufficient room
area, available water and cleaning tools (Aritonang
et al., 2016).
Landfills
According to World Health Organization (WHO) waste is something that is not
used, not used, disliked or something that is thrown away that comes from human
activities and does not occur by itself (Saputri
& Nawangsih, 2017). Related to this definition, it can
be seen that something that is no longer used by humans should be thrown away,
but to save a place known as a garbage dump is needed. In this study, it is
seen from the ownership of landfills that own and use 56%, own and do not use
41%, do not own 67.4%. The data shows that the percentage of not having
landfills is still high at 67.4%. Indiscriminate disposal of garbage and waste
to improper waste management is the cause of environmental pollution ranging
from water, air, and soil. In addition to damaging our environment, pollution
due to waste that is not managed properly can have a negative impact on our
health with the onset of various diseases. Environmental pollution not only affects
humans, but also other living things such as animals and plants. Garbage
pollution in the sea makes many marine animals suffer and even lead to death
with habitat destruction. Many incidents of marine animals from whales to
turtles die due to contamination with garbage such as plastic waste eaten by
them.
The waste problem begins with the
increasing number of humans and animals producing waste, with the increasingly
dense population in an area. For rural areas where the population is still
relatively small, the waste problem is not so pronounced because the waste
produced can still be handled in simple ways such as burned, landfilled or left
to dry itself. For densely populated areas (residential, urban) where there are
few open areas, it is felt that waste is a problem in itself. Waste problems in
an area include the high rate of waste generation, low public concern so that
they like to behave littering, reluctance to throw garbage in the space
provided. This bad behavior often causes disasters in the rainy season because
the darainase is clogged with garbage resulting in
flooding (Hardiatmi,
2011).
With this, the efforts that must be
made by local governments in managing and handling waste from their households
create and place landfills in each location or The
nearest hamlet and as much as possible the garbage must be disposed of in its
tub until the final disposal of the landfill. However, this waste waste has always been a concern, but with the fact that now
this waste is still a problem that cannot be solved properly in essence, the
main one in the big city example was Jakarta, which is currently in a very
small scale decline for people who often do the habit of burning garbage, while
on a large scale do waste disposal with temporary tubs, if there is no landfill
available, it can be at the surrounding TPS (Amrina,
2021).
CONCLUSION
Based on the description of the data and data analysis
of the research results, it can be concluded as environmental sanitation
conditions in Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse
Kota Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro
Regency are said to be not good, judging
from the indicators of latrine conditions, wastewater sewerage conditions,
garbage dump conditions, and healthy house conditions have not met health
requirements because there are still people who do not know the importance of
maintaining environmental sanitation. The impact of environmental sanitation on
public health in the
Hato-Luli Hamlet, Maubisse
Kota Village, Maubisse District, Ainaro
Regency that there is an influence between the condition of latrines, the
condition of wastewater sewers, the condition of landfills, and the condition
of healthy homes that do not meet health requirements, has an impact on the
onset of diseases such as diarrhea, dengue fever, pulmonary tuberculosis and
others.
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Copyright holders:
Rogerio Fontes, Santiago Jorge Pereira, Levi Anatoli
S. M. Exposto, Elias Pereira Moniz, Leonardo Ximenes,
Noelio Auxilio Pedro
Martins (2023)
First publication right:
AJHS - Asian Journal of
Healthy and Science
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